“人与生物圈”国际科学会议侧记

一、概况联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)于1981年9月22日至10月2日在法国巴黎召开了“人和生物圈”(MAB)成立十年科学大会和MAB第七届国际协调理事会。这次大会有67个国家、375人参加,包括科学家、政策决定者和规划管理等方面的人员以及一些有关国际组织(如FAO、ICSU、IUCN等)的代表。我国派出了以中国教科文全国委员会副主任、中国“人与生物圈”国家委员会副主席秦力生为团长、中国MAB委员会秘书长阳含熙教授为副团长的六人代表团出席了会议。     

我国主要蚧螬对乳状菌的敏感性

我国主要蛴螬种类对乳状菌(Bacillus popilliae Dutky)(以下简称B.p.)敏感性的测定:已有14种蛴螬能注射感染B.p.。超出了Dutky(1963)的记录。敏感寄主毛喙丽金龟(Adoretus hirsutus Ohaus)、四纹丽金龟(Popillia quadriguttata F.)、暗黑鳃金龟(Holotrichia morosa Waterh)、黑棕鳃金龟(Apogonia cupreoviridis Fairm.)的幼虫注射感病率达91.6—100%。E.P.拌种喂食四纹、阔胸犀金龟(Pentodon patruelis Friv.)的幼虫,感病率分别达到68.9%和50%。B.p.拌土喂食阔胸幼虫,感病率为28.5%,田间小区试验,保苗效果达49.5%,虫口减退率达40.0%。定向转主驯化B.p.对华北大黑鳃金龟(Holotrichia oblitaFald.)幼虫,注射感病率已由不感病提高至感染率34.6%。 利用病原微生物防治害虫是综合防治的一个重要环节,应用乳状菌防治金龟子幼虫是以菌治虫方面值得研究的课题之一。 早在本世纪三十年代已发现日本金龟子(Popillia japonicaNewm.)幼虫罹患乳臭病的事实。1940年Dutky首先对其病原菌(B.popilliae)和(B.lentimorbus)进行命名和描述,继之White 1941,Beard 1945等对其生理生化、致病机理等作了较多的研究。五十年代后,对这类菌的超显微结构、离体培养等研究更为广泛。它作为第一个商品化的细菌杀虫剂,美国最早用于防治草地下的日本金龟子幼虫,取得了显著的效果。 我国蛴螬种类在千种以上,在华北、东北、西北的农田里为害十分严重,由于蛴螬的种类多,分布广,因而寄生于蛴螬的乳状菌株也相当丰富。目前已从主要蛴螬种类上陆续分离出一些菌株,将为我国开发利用乳状菌提供资源。近几年来,我们除对我国菌株进行研究外,也做了引进菌种Bacillus popilliae Dutky对我国主要蛴螬敏感性的研究,本文主要报道这方面结果。     

Adenosine deaminase polymorphism among the Semai, Temuan, Semelai, and Jakun groups of West Malaysian Orang Asli

812 West Malaysian Orang Asli belonging to four ethnic groups were surveyed for adenosine deaminase (ADA; EC 3.5.4.4) using starch gel electrophoresis. Only the common ADA1 and ADA2 alleles were found, with the frequencies of the latter being 0.025, 0.103, 0.115 and 0.028 in the Semai, Semelai, Temuan, and Jakun groups, respectively. A new 'breeding genetic distance' was applied to these gene frequencies and the Semelai and Temuan were found to be more closely related to each other, and to have considerably more evolutionary flexibility on this scale of 'micro-evolution' than the other two groups. The Semai and Jakun were more similar to each other on the basis of these ADA gene frequencies.     

Protection against oxidative stress by vitamin D in cone cells

Photoreceptor degeneration (PD) refers to a group of heterogeneous outer retinal dystrophies characterized by the death of photoreceptors. Both oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of PD. We investigate whether vitamin D has a potential for the treatment of PD by evaluating the anti‐oxidative stress and anti‐inflammatory properties of the active form of vitamin D₃, 1,α, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D₃, in a mouse cone cell line, 661W. Mouse cone cells were treated with H₂O₂ or a mixture of H₂O₂ and vitamin D; cell viability was determined. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in treated and untreated cells was measured. The expression of key anti‐oxidative stress and inflammatory genes in treated and untreated cells was determined. Treatment with vitamin D significantly increased cell viability and decreased ROS production in 661W cells under oxidative stress induced by H₂O₂. H₂O₂ treatment in 661W cells can significantly down‐regulate the expression of antioxidant genes and up‐regulate the expression of neurotoxic cytokines. Vitamin D treatment significantly reversed these effects and restored the expression of antioxidant genes. Vitamin D treatment also can block H₂O₂ induced oxidative damages. The data suggested that vitamin D may offer a therapeutic potential for patients with PD.     

YAP regulates periodontal ligament cell differentiation into myofibroblast interacted with RhoA/ROCK pathway

During orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) receive the mechanical stimuli and transform it into myofibroblasts (Mfbs). Indeed, previous studies have demonstrated that mechanical stimuli can promote the expression of Mfb marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in PDLCs. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), as the target gene of yes-associated protein (YAP), has been proven to be involved in this process. Here, we sought to assess the role of YAP in Mfbs differentiation from PDLCs. The time-course expression of YAP and α-SMA was manifested in OTM model in vivo as well as under tensional stimuli in vitro. Inhibition of RhoA/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway using Y27632 significantly reduced tension-induced Mfb differentiation and YAP expression. Moreover, overexpression of YAP with lentiviral transfection in PDLCs rescued the repression effect of Mfb differentiation induced by Y27632. These data together suggest a crucial role of YAP in regulating tension-induced Mfb differentiation from PDLC interacted with RhoA/ROCK pathway.     

Hyperosmolarity enhanced susceptibility to renal tubular fibrosis by modulating catabolism of type I transforming growth factor‐β receptors

Hyperosmolarity plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of diabetic tubular fibrosis. However, the mechanism of the involvement of hyperosmolarity remains unclear. In this study, mannitol was used to evaluate the effects of hyperosmolarity on a renal distal tubule cell line (MDCK). We investigated transforming growth factor‐β receptors and their downstream fibrogenic signal proteins. We show that hyperosmolarity significantly enhances the susceptibility to exogenous transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, as mannitol (27.5 mM) significantly enhanced the TGF‐β1‐induced increase in fibronectin levels compared with control experiments (5.5 mM). Specifically, hyperosmolarity induced tyrosine phosphorylation on TGF‐β RII at 336 residues in a time (0–24 h) and dose (5.5–38.5 mM) dependent manner. In addition, hyperosmolarity increased the level of TGF‐β RI in a dose‐ and time‐course dependent manner. These observations may be closely related to decreased catabolism of TGF‐β RI. Hyperosmolarity significantly downregulated the expression of an inhibitory Smad (Smad7), decreased the level of Smurf 1, and reduced ubiquitination of TGF‐β RI. In addition, through the use of cycloheximide and the proteasome inhibitor MG132, we showed that hyperosmolarity significantly increased the half‐life and inhibited the protein level of TGF‐β RI by polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Taken together, our data suggest that hyperosmolarity enhances cellular susceptibility to renal tubular fibrosis by activating the Smad7 pathway and increasing the stability of type I TGF‐β receptors by retarding proteasomal degradation of TGF‐β RI. This study clarifies the mechanism underlying hyperosmotic‐induced renal fibrosis in renal distal tubule cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 109: 663–671, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

后疫情时代全球可持续发展目标加速行动的推动

“SDGs加速行动”是国际组织、政府部门、私营机构和其他利益攸关方为加快落实2030年可持续发展议程采取的全球行动。2019年联合国可持续发展目标峰会后，政府、国际组织、私营部门等提出了214项SDGs加速行动。2019年爆发的新型冠状病毒肺炎（Corona Virus Disease 2019，COVID-19）对实现可持续发展目标带来了系列影响，后疫情时代如何推动全球SDGs加速行动的实施成为重要的问题。对可持续发展评估报告（2019）和可持续发展目标加速行动等政策文件进行信息提取，建立加速行动匹配性指数模型和各国应对新冠疫情的恢复力指数模型，根据匹配性-恢复力分类体系将各国按照17项可持续发展目标分为9类，为推动后疫情时代全球可持续发展目标加速行动提供支撑。研究发现：（1）现有可持续发展目标加速行动的实施与区域需求不匹配，且这种不匹配的情况在COVID-19爆发前已经出现；（2）加速行动的实施受限于现有可持续发展水平和国家经济基础，区域关注的可持续发展目标与其自然地理位置和社会发展水平有着密切的关系，多边组织机构和其他利益攸关方需要在发展中国家大力推动可持续发展加速行动；（3）下一步实施加速行动需要加强国际间的合作，根据分类框架和可持续发展目标的关联关系，分重点推进加速行动的实施，完善可持续发展指标监测体系，分类设立后疫情时代不同时期的阶段目标，分阶段循序渐进，定期反馈追踪，以在2030年促进17项可持续目标的实现。